In 2004 Edinburgh was named the world's first, or inaugural, permanent City of Literature by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) under its Creative Cities scheme within the Global Alliance Programme.

The City of Literature Trust was set in late 2004 up to manage this project with a voluntary Board of 16 Trustees and two members of staff. The aim is to capitalise on the presitigious UNESCO designation and raise awareness of books and literature in everyday Edinburgh life. The Trust is a collaborative organisation that works closely with partner organisations to: promote book culture in Edinburgh; encourage involvement in Scotland's literature; and develop literary partnerships around the world.

The aims of the Trust are: (i) to promote recognition and prestige for Scotland's literary life nationally and internationally through Edinburgh's designation as UNESCO's first City of Literature; (ii) to provide a focus and co-ordination for literary activity, to encourage greater participation at all levels of Scottish society, and to attract new initiatives; and (iii) to create an international model for a worldwide network of cities of literature and to develop partnerships with other cities with strong literary profiles and aspirations.